Religious Moderation and the Challenge of Identity Politics: A Comparative Study of Wasatiyyah Islam Narratives in Malaysia and Indonesia
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Abstract
This comparative study examines Wasatiyyah (Islamic moderation) narratives in Indonesia and Malaysia, focusing on tensions arising from the intersection of moderation discourse and identity politics. Employing discourse analysis, case studies, and state–Islam frameworks, the research investigates how state institutions, mass Islamic organizations, and civil society shape the interpretation and institutionalization of moderation in both countries. Findings indicate that while both governments promote moderation to counter extremism, divergent political-institutional contexts produce different outcomes: Indonesia exhibits a more decentralized, pluralistic landscape with significant influence from Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah, whereas Malaysia shows a centralized model with strong state agencies (JAKIM, Wasatiyyah Institute) guiding the narrative. The study highlights risks of political instrumentalization of moderation, implications for religious freedom, and the need for balanced top-down and bottom-up approaches to sustain inclusivity. Policy suggestions include strengthening interfaith dialogue, increasing policy transparency, and improving accountability of state religious bodies
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