Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of Islamic Knowledge Transmission in Indonesian Pesantren

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital learning technologies has transformed the transmission of Islamic knowledge in Indonesian pesantren. This study examines how AI reshapes educational practices, religious authority, and knowledge dissemination within traditional Islamic boarding schools. Using a normative and conceptual approach combined with digital Islamic studies methodology, the research analyzes academic literature, policy documents, and case studies of pesantren undergoing digital transformation. The findings show that AI enhances accessibility, learning efficiency, and the dissemination of Islamic knowledge beyond conventional spatial boundaries, while fostering hybrid learning environments where digital systems coexist with teacher-centered authority and sanad traditions. Nevertheless, the integration of AI also raises significant concerns regarding the authenticity of religious knowledge, the weakening of direct teacher–student interaction, algorithmic bias, and the preservation of classical Islamic pedagogical traditions. The study concludes that AI adoption in pesantren requires ethical and pedagogical frameworks grounded in Islamic educational values, digital literacy, and institutional supervision to ensure that technological innovation complements rather than replaces traditional religious authority. This research contributes to contemporary discussions on digital Islam, Islamic education, and the governance of AI in religious institutions.